arXiv:2508.05950v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: We propose CLONE, a 3DGS-based Closed-Loop differentiable Optimization framework for single-image Normal Estimation. The core idea is to construct an "image-geometry-image" consistency loop that unifies and jointly constrains the limitations of both paradigms: the reliance on explicit supervision without cross-domain geometric constraints in discriminative methods, and the absence of stable differentiable optimization pathways in generative methods despite strong generative priors. Specifically, we first employ 3D Gaussian Splatting to
Source: arXiv cs.AI — read the full report at the original publisher.