JE-IRT: A Geometric Lens on LLM Abilities through Joint Embedding Item Response Theory

arXiv:2509.22888v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Standard LLM evaluation practices compress diverse abilities into single scores, obscuring their inherently multidimensional nature. We present JE-IRT, a geometric item-response framework that embeds both LLMs and questions in a shared space. For question embeddings, the direction encodes semantics and the norm encodes difficulty, while correctness on each question is determined by the geometric interaction between the model and question embeddings. This geometry replaces a global ranking of LLMs with topical specialization and enables

Source: arXiv cs.CL — read the full report at the original publisher.

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