Transformers with RL or SFT Provably Learn Sparse Boolean Functions, But Differently

arXiv:2511.17852v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Transformers can acquire Chain-of-Thought (CoT) capabilities to solve complex reasoning tasks through fine-tuning. Reinforcement learning (RL) and supervised fine-tuning (SFT) are two primary approaches to this end. In this work, we specifically examine RL with process rewards and SFT for learning $k$-sparse Boolean functions with a one-layer transformer through intermediate reasoning steps akin to CoT. In particular, we consider $k$-sparse Boolean functions that can be recursively decomposed into fixed 2-sparse Boolean functions. We first an

Source: arXiv cs.LG — read the full report at the original publisher.

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